Relay between ca 8cm displacement normal fault segments in the Liassic limestones and shales of Kilve, Somerset, UK. Map view and view from hangingwall highlight the geometry of the relay ramp between the fault segments.

Relay ramp between ca 20cm displacement normal fault segments in the Liassic limestones and shales of Kilve, Somerset, UK. This view from hangingwall highlights the geometry of the relay ramp between the fault segments.

View from the hangingall of a series of fault segments (with throws up to 3m) exposed on a coal seam from Plenmellor opencast site, Northumbria (photograph from PhD thesis of Paul Huggins).

Metre-scale displacement fault zone with rotated hangingwall sandstones and shales, Round O Quarry, Lancashire. Bed-parallel slip on produces ratchet footwall boundary that is progressively erodded by asperity removal. See Childs et al. (1996).